7.7.6: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 97255
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- alveolar
- partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli (usually around 100 mmHg)
- alveolar duct
- duct that extends from the terminal bronchiole to the alveolar sac
- alveolar sac
- structure consisting of two or more alveoli that share a common opening
- alveolar ventilation
- how much air is in the alveoli
- alveolus
- (plural: alveoli) (also, air sac) terminal region of the lung where gas exchange occurs
- anatomical dead space
- (also, anatomical shunt) region of the lung that lacks proper ventilation/perfusion due to an anatomical block
- bicarbonate ion
- ion created when carbonic acid dissociates into H+ and
- bicarbonate buffer system
- system in the blood that absorbs carbon dioxide and regulates pH levels
- bronchiole
- airway that extends from the main tertiary bronchi to the alveolar sac
- bronchus
- (plural: bronchi) smaller branch of cartilaginous tissue that stems off of the trachea; air is funneled through the bronchi to the region where gas exchange occurs in alveoli
- carbaminohemoglobin
- molecule that forms when carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin
- carbonic anhydrase (CA)
- enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid
- chloride shift
- exchange of chloride for bicarbonate into or out of the red blood cell
- compliance
- measurement of the elasticity of the lung
- dead space
- area in the lung that lacks proper ventilation or perfusion
- diaphragm
- domed-shaped skeletal muscle located under lungs that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
- elastic recoil
- property of the lung that drives the lung tissue inward
- elastic work
- work conducted by the intercostal muscles, chest wall, and diaphragm
- expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
- amount of additional air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation
- FEV1/FVC ratio
- ratio of how much air can be forced out of the lung in one second to the total amount that is forced out of the lung; a measurement of lung function that can be used to detect disease states
- flow-resistive
- work of breathing performed by the alveoli and tissues in the lung
- forced expiratory volume (FEV)
- (also, forced vital capacity) measure of how much air can be forced out of the lung from maximal inspiration over a specific amount of time
- functional residual capacity (FRC)
- expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume
- functional vital capacity (FVC)
- amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible
- heme group
- centralized iron-containing group that is surrounded by the alpha and beta subunits of hemoglobin
- hemoglobin
- molecule in red blood cells that can bind oxygen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide
- inspiratory capacity (IC)
- tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume
- inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
- amount of additional air that can be inspired after a normal inhalation
- intercostal muscle
- muscle connected to the rib cage that contracts upon inspiration
- intrapleural space
- space between the layers of pleura
- larynx
- voice box, a short passageway connecting the pharynx and the trachea
- lung capacity
- measurement of two or more lung volumes (how much air can be inhaled from the end of an expiration to maximal capacity)
- lung volume
- measurement of air for one lung function (normal inhalation or exhalation)
- mucin
- complex glycoprotein found in mucus
- mucus
- sticky protein-containing fluid secretion in the lung that traps particulate matter to be expelled from the body
- nasal cavity
- opening of the respiratory system to the outside environment
- obstructive disease
- disease (such as emphysema and asthma) that arises from obstruction of the airways; compliance increases in these diseases
- oxygen dissociation curve
- curve depicting the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin
- oxygen-carrying capacity
- amount of oxygen that can be transported in the blood
- partial pressure
- amount of pressure exerted by one gas within a mixture of gases
- particulate matter
- small particle such as dust, dirt, viral particles, and bacteria that are in the air
- pharynx
- throat; a tube that starts in the internal nares and runs partway down the neck, where it opens into the esophagus and the larynx
- physiological dead space
- (also, physiological shunt) region of the lung that lacks proper ventilation/perfusion due to a physiological change in the lung (like inflammation or edema)
- pleura
- tissue layer that surrounds the lungs and lines the interior of the thoracic cavity
- pleurisy
- painful inflammation of the pleural tissue layers
- primary bronchus
- (also, main bronchus) region of the airway within the lung that attaches to the trachea and bifurcates to each lung where it branches into secondary bronchi
- recruitment
- process of opening airways that normally remain closed when the cardiac output increases
- residual volume (RV)
- amount of air remaining in the lung after a maximal expiration
- resistance
- measurement of lung obstruction
- respiratory bronchiole
- terminal portion of the bronchiole tree that is attached to the terminal bronchioles and alveoli ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
- respiratory distress syndrome
- disease that arises from a deficient amount of surfactant
- respiratory quotient (RQ)
- ratio of carbon dioxide production to each oxygen molecule consumed
- respiratory rate
- number of breaths per minute
- restrictive disease
- disease that results from a restriction and decreased compliance of the alveoli; respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary fibrosis are examples
- sickle cell anemia
- genetic disorder that affects the shape of red blood cells, and their ability to transport oxygen and move through capillaries
- spirometry
- method to measure lung volumes and to diagnose lung diseases
- surfactant
- detergent-like liquid in the airways that lowers the surface tension of the alveoli to allow for expansion
- terminal bronchiole
- region of bronchiole that attaches to the respiratory bronchioles
- thalassemia
- rare genetic disorder that results in mutation of the alpha or beta subunits of hemoglobin, creating smaller red blood cells with less hemoglobin
- tidal volume (TV)
- amount of air that is inspired and expired during normal breathing
- total lung capacity (TLC)
- sum of the residual volume, expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume
- trachea
- cartilaginous tube that transports air from the larynx to the primary bronchi
- venous
- partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the veins (40 mm Hg in the pulmonary veins)
- venous
- partial pressure of oxygen in the veins (100 mm Hg in the pulmonary veins)
- ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch
- region of the lung that lacks proper alveolar ventilation (V) and/or arterial perfusion (Q)
- vital capacity (VC)
- sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume