3.6.9: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 97084
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 3' UTR
- 3' untranslated region; region just downstream of the protein-coding region in an RNA molecule that is not translated
- 5' cap
- a methylated guanosine triphosphate (GTP) molecule that is attached to the 5' end of a messenger RNA to protect the end from degradation
- 5' UTR
- 5' untranslated region; region just upstream of the protein-coding region in an RNA molecule that is not translated
- activator
- protein that binds to prokaryotic operators to increase transcription
- catabolite activator protein (CAP)
- protein that complexes with cAMP to bind to the promoter sequences of operons which control sugar processing when glucose is not available
- cis-acting element
- transcription factor binding sites within the promoter that regulate the transcription of a gene adjacent to it
- Dicer
- enzyme that chops the pre-miRNA into the mature form of the miRNA
- DNA methylation
- epigenetic modification that leads to gene silencing; a process involving adding a methyl group to the DNA molecule
- enhancer
- segment of DNA that is upstream, downstream, perhaps thousands of nucleotides away, or on another chromosome that influence the transcription of a specific gene
- epigenetic
- heritable changes that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence
- eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2)
- protein that binds first to an mRNA to initiate translation
- gene expression
- processes that control the turning on or turning off of a gene
- guanine diphosphate (GDP)
- molecule that is left after the energy is used to start translation
- guanine triphosphate (GTP)
- energy-providing molecule that binds to eIF-2 and is needed for translation
- histone acetylation
- epigenetic modification that leads to gene expression; a process involving adding or removing an acetyl functional group
- inducible operon
- operon that can be activated or repressed depending on cellular needs and the surrounding environment
- initiation complex
- protein complex containing eIF-2 that starts translation
- lac operon
- operon in prokaryotic cells that encodes genes required for processing and intake of lactose
- large 60S ribosomal subunit
- second, larger ribosomal subunit that binds to the RNA to translate it into protein
- microRNA (miRNA)
- small RNA molecules (approximately 21 nucleotides in length) that bind to RNA molecules to degrade them
- myc
- oncogene that causes cancer in many cancer cells
- negative regulator
- protein that prevents transcription
- operator
- region of DNA outside of the promoter region that binds activators or repressors that control gene expression in prokaryotic cells
- operon
- collection of genes involved in a pathway that are transcribed together as a single mRNA in prokaryotic cells
- poly-A tail
- a series of adenine nucleotides that are attached to the 3' end of an mRNA to protect the end from degradation
- positive regulator
- protein that increases transcription
- post-transcriptional
- control of gene expression after the RNA molecule has been created but before it is translated into protein
- post-translational
- control of gene expression after a protein has been created
- proteasome
- organelle that degrades proteins
- repressor
- protein that binds to the operator of prokaryotic genes to prevent transcription
- RISC
- protein complex that binds along with the miRNA to the RNA to degrade it
- RNA stability
- how long an RNA molecule will remain intact in the cytoplasm
- RNA-binding protein (RBP)
- protein that binds to the 3' or 5' UTR to increase or decrease the RNA stability
- small 40S ribosomal subunit
- ribosomal subunit that binds to the RNA to translate it into protein
- trans-acting element
- transcription factor binding site found outside the promoter or on another chromosome that influences the transcription of a particular gene
- transcription factor
- protein that binds to the DNA at the promoter or enhancer region and that influences transcription of a gene
- transcription factor binding site
- sequence of DNA to which a transcription factor binds
- transcriptional start site
- site at which transcription begins
- trp operon
- series of genes necessary to synthesize tryptophan in prokaryotic cells
- tryptophan
- amino acid that can be synthesized by prokaryotic cells when necessary
- untranslated region
- segment of the RNA molecule that is not translated into protein. These regions lie before (upstream or 5') and after (downstream or 3') the protein-coding region