3.5.10: Review Questions
- Page ID
- 98116
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)The AUC and AUA codons in mRNA both specify isoleucine. What feature of the genetic code explains this?
- complementarity
- nonsense codons
- universality
- degeneracy
How many nucleotides are in 12 mRNA codons?
- 12
- 24
- 36
- 48
Which event contradicts the central dogma of molecular biology?
- Poly-A polymerase enzymes process mRNA in the nucleus.
- Endonuclease enzymes splice out and repair damaged DNA.
- Scientists use reverse transcriptase enzymes to make DNA from RNA.
- Codons specifying amino acids are degenerate and universal.
Which subunit of the E. coli polymerase confers specificity to transcription?
- α
- β
- β'
- σ
The -10 and -35 regions of prokaryotic promoters are called consensus sequences because ________.
- they are identical in all bacterial species
- they are similar in all bacterial species
- they exist in all organisms
- they have the same function in all organisms
Three different bacteria species have the following consensus sequences upstream of a conserved gene.
Species A | Species B | Species C | |
-10 | TAATAAT | TTTAAT | TATATT |
-35 | TTGACA | TTGGCC | TTGAAA |
Order the bacteria from most to least efficient initiation of gene transcription.
- A > B > C
- B > C > A
- C > B > A
- A > C > B
Which feature of promoters can be found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
- GC box
- TATA box
- octamer box
- -10 and -35 sequences
What transcripts will be most affected by low levels of α-amanitin?
- 18S and 28S rRNAs
- pre-mRNAs
- 5S rRNAs and tRNAs
- other small nuclear RNAs
How do enhancers and promoters differ?
- Enhancers bind transcription factors to silence gene expression, while promoters activate transcription.
- Enhancers increase the efficiency of gene expression, but are not essential for transcription. Promoter recognition is essential to transcription initiation.
- Promoters bind transcription factors to increase the efficiency of transcription. Enhancers bind RNA polymerases to initiate transcription.
- There is no difference. Both are transcription factor-binding sequences in DNA.
Which pre-mRNA processing step is important for initiating translation?
- poly-A tail
- RNA editing
- splicing
- 7-methylguanosine cap
What processing step enhances the stability of pre-tRNAs and pre-rRNAs?
- methylation
- nucleotide modification
- cleavage
- splicing
A scientist identifies a pre-mRNA with the following structure.
What is the predicted size of the corresponding mature mRNA in base pairs (bp), excluding the 5’ cap and 3’ poly-A tail?
- 220bp
- 295bp
- 140bp
- 435bp
The RNA components of ribosomes are synthesized in the ________.
- cytoplasm
- nucleus
- nucleolus
- endoplasmic reticulum
In any given species, there are at least how many types of aminoacyl tRNA synthetases?
- 20
- 40
- 100
- 200
A scientist introduces a mutation that makes the 60S ribosomal subunit nonfunctional in a human cell line. What would be the predicted effect on translation?
- Translation stalls after the initiation AUG codon is identified.
- The ribosome cannot catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between the tRNAs in the A and P sites.
- The ribosome cannot interact with mRNAs.
- tRNAs cannot exit the E site of the ribosome.