3.4.8: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 97066
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- electrophoresis
- technique used to separate DNA fragments according to size
- helicase
- during replication, this enzyme helps to open up the DNA helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds
- induced mutation
- mutation that results from exposure to chemicals or environmental agents
- lagging strand
- during replication, the strand that is replicated in short fragments and away from the replication fork
- leading strand
- strand that is synthesized continuously in the 5'-3' direction, which is synthesized in the direction of the replication fork
- ligase
- enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester linkage between the 3' OH and 5' phosphate ends of the DNA
- mismatch repair
- type of repair mechanism in which mismatched bases are removed after replication
- mutation
- variation in the nucleotide sequence of a genome
- nucleotide excision repair
- type of DNA repair mechanism in which the wrong base, along with a few nucleotides upstream or downstream, are removed
- Okazaki fragment
- DNA fragment that is synthesized in short stretches on the lagging strand
- point mutation
- mutation that affects a single base
- primase
- enzyme that synthesizes the RNA primer; the primer is needed for DNA pol to start synthesis of a new DNA strand
- primer
- short stretch of nucleotides that is required to initiate replication; in the case of replication, the primer has RNA nucleotides
- proofreading
- function of DNA pol in which it reads the newly added base before adding the next one
- replication fork
- Y-shaped structure formed during initiation of replication
- silent mutation
- mutation that is not expressed
- single-strand binding protein
- during replication, protein that binds to the single-stranded DNA; this helps in keeping the two strands of DNA apart so that they may serve as templates
- sliding clamp
- ring-shaped protein that holds the DNA pol on the DNA strand
- spontaneous mutation
- mutation that takes place in the cells as a result of chemical reactions taking place naturally without exposure to any external agent
- telomerase
- enzyme that contains a catalytic part and an inbuilt RNA template; it functions to maintain telomeres at chromosome ends
- telomere
- DNA at the end of linear chromosomes
- topoisomerase
- enzyme that prevents overwinding of DNA when DNA replication is taking place
- transformation
- process in which external DNA is taken up by a cell
- transition substitution
- when a purine is replaced with a purine or a pyrimidine is replaced with another pyrimidine
- transversion substitution
- when a purine is replaced by a pyrimidine or a pyrimidine is replaced by a purine