2.3.7: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 97009
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- activation energy
- energy necessary for reactions to occur
- active site
- enzyme's specific region to which the substrate binds
- allosteric inhibition
- inhibition by a binding event at a site different from the active site, which induces a conformational change and reduces the enzyme's affinity for its substrate
- anabolic
- (also, anabolism) pathways that require an energy input to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones
- ATP
- adenosine triphosphate, the cell’s energy currency
- bioenergetics
- study of energy flowing through living systems
- catabolic
- (also, catabolism) pathways in which complex molecules break down into simpler ones
- chemical energy
- potential energy in chemical bonds that releases when those bonds are broken
- coenzyme
- small organic molecule, such as a vitamin or its derivative, which is required to enhance an enzyme's activity
- cofactor
- inorganic ion, such as iron and magnesium ions, required for optimal enzyme activity regulation
- competitive inhibition
- type of inhibition in which the inhibitor competes with the substrate molecule by binding to the enzyme's active site
- denature
- process that changes a substance's natural properties
- endergonic
- describes chemical reactions that require energy input
- energy coupling
- process during which energy released by one reaction is used to drive another reaction
- enthalpy
- a system's total energy
- entropy (S)
- measure of randomness or disorder within a system
- exergonic
- describes chemical reactions that release free energy
- feedback inhibition
- a product's effect of a reaction sequence to decrease its further production by inhibiting the first enzyme's activity in the pathway that produces it
- free energy
- Gibbs free energy is the usable energy, or energy that is available to do work
- heat
- energy transferred from one system to another that is not work (energy of the molecules' motion or particles)
- heat energy
- total bond energy of reactants or products in a chemical reaction
- induced fit
- dynamic fit between the enzyme and its substrate, in which both components modify their structures to allow for ideal binding
- kinetic energy
- energy type that takes place with objects or particles in motion
- metabolism
- all the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including anabolism and catabolism
- phosphoanhydride bond
- bond that connects phosphates in an ATP molecule
- potential energy
- energy type that has the potential to do work; stored energy
- substrate
- molecule on which the enzyme acts
- thermodynamics
- study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter
- transition state
- high-energy, unstable state (an intermediate form between the substrate and the product) occurring during a chemical reaction