1.E: The Study of Life (Exercises)

1.1: The Science of Biology

Review Questions

The first forms of life on Earth were ________.

1. plants
2. microorganisms
3. birds
4. dinosaurs

Answer

B

A suggested and testable explanation for an event is called a ________.

1. hypothesis
2. variable
3. theory
4. control

Answer

A

Which of the following sciences is not considered a natural science?

1. biology
2. astronomy
3. physics
4. computer science

Answer

D

The type of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion is called ________.

1. deductive reasoning
2. the scientific method
3. hypothesis-based science
4. inductive reasoning

Answer

D

The process of ________ helps to ensure that a scientist’s research is original, significant, logical, and thorough.

1. publication
2. public speaking
3. peer review
4. the scientific method

Answer

C

A person notices that her houseplants that are regularly exposed to music seem to grow more quickly than those in rooms with no music. As a result, she determines that plants grow better when exposed to music. This example most closely resembles which type of reasoning?

1. inductive reasoning
2. deductive reasoning
3. neither, because no hypothesis was made
4. both inductive and deductive reasoning

Answer

A

Free Response

Although the scientific method is used by most of the sciences, it can also be applied to everyday situations. Think about a problem that you may have at home, at school, or with your car, and apply the scientific method to solve it.

Answer

Answers will vary, but should apply the steps of the scientific method. One possibility could be a car which doesn’t start. The hypothesis could be that the car doesn’t start because the battery is dead. The experiment would be to change the battery or to charge the battery and then check whether the car starts or not. If it starts, the problem was due to the battery, and the hypothesis is accepted.

Give an example of how applied science has had a direct effect on your daily life.

Answer

Answers will vary. One example of how applied science has had a direct effect on daily life is the presence of vaccines. Vaccines to prevent diseases such polio, measles, tetanus, and even influenza affect daily life by contributing to individual and societal health.

Name two topics that are likely to be studied by biologists, and two areas of scientific study that would fall outside the realm of biology.

Answer

Answers will vary. Topics that fall inside the area of biological study include how diseases affect human bodies, how pollution impacts a species’ habitat, and how plants respond to their environments. Topics that fall outside of biology (the “study of life”) include how metamorphic rock is formed and how planetary orbits function.

Thinking about the topic of cancer, write a basic science question and an applied science question that a researcher interested in this topic might ask

Answer

Answers will vary. Basic science: What evolutionary purpose might cancer serve? Applied science: What strategies might be found to prevent cancer from reproducing at the cellular level?

1.2: Themes and Concepts of Biology

Review Questions

The smallest unit of biological structure that meets the functional requirements of “living” is the ________.

1. organ
2. organelle
3. cell
4. macromolecule

Answer

C

Viruses are not considered living because they ________.

1. are not made of cells
2. lack cell nuclei
3. do not contain DNA or RNA
4. cannot reproduce

Answer

A

The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus is a characteristic of ________.

1. prokaryotic cells
2. eukaryotic cells
3. living organisms
4. bacteria

Answer

B

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area is called a(n) ________.

1. family
2. community
3. population
4. ecosystem

Answer

C

Which of the following sequences represents the hierarchy of biological organization from the most inclusive to the least complex level?

1. organelle, tissue, biosphere, ecosystem, population
2. organ, organism, tissue, organelle, molecule
3. organism, community, biosphere, molecule, tissue, organ
4. biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism

Answer

D

Where in a phylogenetic tree would you expect to find the organism that had evolved most recently?

1. at the base
2. within the branches
3. at the nodes
4. at the branch tips

Answer

D

Free Response

Select two items that biologists agree are necessary in order to consider an organism “alive.” For each, give an example of a non-living object that otherwise fits the definition of “alive.”

Answer

Answers will vary. Layers of sedimentary rock have order but are not alive. Technology is capable of regulation but is not, of itself, alive.

Consider the levels of organization of the biological world, and place each of these items in order from smallest level of organization to most encompassing: skin cell, elephant, water molecule, planet Earth, tropical rainforest, hydrogen atom, wolf pack, liver.

Answer

Smallest level of organization to largest: hydrogen atom, water molecule, skin cell, liver, elephant, wolf pack, tropical rainforest, planet Earth

You go for a long walk on a hot day. Give an example of a way in which homeostasis keeps your body healthy.

Answer

During your walk, you may begin to perspire, which cools your body and helps your body to maintain a constant internal temperature. You might also become thirsty and pause long enough for a cool drink, which will help to restore the water lost during perspiration.

Using examples, explain how biology can be studied from a microscopic approach to a global approach.

Answer

Researchers can approach biology from the smallest to the largest, and everything in between. For instance, an ecologist may study a population of individuals, the population’s community, the community’s ecosystem, and the ecosystem’s part in the biosphere. When studying an individual organism, a biologist could examine the cell and its organelles, the tissues that the cells make up, the organs and their respective organ systems, and the sum total—the organism itself.