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15.E: Diversity of Animals (Exercises)

  • Page ID
    8093
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    15.1: Features of the Animal Kingdom

    Review Questions

    Which of the following is not a feature common to most animals?

    A. development into a fixed body plan
    B. asexual reproduction
    C. specialized tissues
    D. heterotrophic nutrient sourcing

    Answer

    B

    Which of the following does not occur?

    A. radially symmetrical diploblast
    B. diploblastic eucoelomate
    C. protostomic coelomate
    D. bilaterally symmetrical deuterostome

    Answer

    B

    Free Response

    How are specialized tissues important for animal function and complexity?

    Answer

    Specialized tissues allow more efficient functioning because differentiated tissue types can perform unique functions and work together in tandem to allow the animal to perform more functions. For example, specialized muscle tissue allows directed and efficient movement, and specialized nervous tissue allows for multiple sensory modalities as well as the ability to respond to various sensory information; these functions are not necessarily available to other non-animal organisms.

    Using the following terms, explain what classifications and groups humans fall into, from the most general to the most specific: symmetry, germ layers, coelom, embryological development.

    Answer

    Humans have body plans that are bilaterally symmetrical and are characterized by the development of three germ layers, making them triploblasts. Humans have true coeloms, and are thus eucoelomates. Humans are deuterostomes.

    15.2: Sponges and Cnidarians

    Review Questions

    The large central opening in the poriferan body is called the _____.

    A. emmule
    B. picule
    C. stia
    D. osculum

    Answer

    D

    Cnidocytes are found in _____.

    A. phylum Porifera
    B. phylum Nemertea
    C. phylum Nematoda
    D. phylum Cnidaria

    Answer

    D

    Cubozoans are ________.

    A. polyps
    B. medusoids
    C. polymorphs
    D. sponges

    Answer

    B

    Free Response

    Describe the feeding mechanism of sponges and identify how it is different from other animals.

    Answer

    The sponges draw water carrying food particles into the spongocoel using the beating of flagella in the choanocytes. The food particles are caught by the collar of the choanocyte and brought into the cell by phagocytosis. Digestion of the food particle takes place inside the cell. The difference between this and the mechanisms of other animals is that digestion takes place within cells rather than outside of cells. It means that the organism can feed only on particles smaller than the cells themselves.

    Compare the structural differences between Porifera and Cnidaria.

    Answer

    Poriferans do not possess true tissues, whereas cnidarians do have tissues. Because of this difference, poriferans do not have a nerve net or muscle cells for locomotion, which cnidarians have.

    15.3: Flatworms, Nematodes, and Arthropods

    Review Questions

    Which group of flatworms are primarily external parasites of fish?

    1. monogeneans
    2. trematodes
    3. cestodes
    4. turbellarians
    Answer

    A

    Crustaceans are _____.

    1. ecdysozoans
    2. nematodes
    3. arachnids
    4. parazoans
    Answer

    A

    Free Response

    Speculate as to what advantage(s) a complete digestive system has over an incomplete digestive system?

    Answer

    In a complete digestive system, food material is not mixed with waste material, so the digestion and uptake of nutrients can be more efficient. In addition, the complete digestive system allows for an orderly progression of digestion of food matter and the specialization of different zones of the digestive tract.

    Describe a potential advantage and disadvantage of the cuticle of ecdysozoans.

    Answer

    An advantage is that it is a tough covering that is protective against adverse environments, and predators and parasites. A disadvantage is that it must be shed and regrown for the animal to grow, which requires energy and makes the animal vulnerable during this process.

    15.4: Mollusks and Annelids

    Review Questions

    A mantle and mantle cavity are present in _____.

    A. class Oligochaeta
    B. class Bivalvia
    C. class Polychaeta
    D. class Hirudinea

    Answer

    C

    Annelids have a _____.

    A. pseudocoelom
    B. a true coelom
    C. no coelom
    D. none of the above

    Answer

    B

    Free Response

    Describe the morphology and anatomy of mollusks.

    Answer

    Mollusks have a large muscular foot that may be modified in various ways, such as into tentacles, but it functions in locomotion. They have a mantle, a structure of tissue that covers and encloses the dorsal portion of the animal and secretes the shell when it is present. The mantle encloses the mantle cavity, which houses the gills (when present), excretory pores, anus, and gonadopores. The coelom of mollusks is restricted to the region around the systemic heart. The main body cavity is a hemocoel. Many mollusks have a radula near the mouth that is used for scraping food.

    15.5: Echinoderms and Chordates

    Review Questions

    Echinoderms in their larval state have _____.

    A. triangular symmetry
    B. radial symmetry
    C. hexagonal symmetry
    D. bilateral symmetry

    Answer

    D

    The circulatory fluid in echinoderms is _____.

    A. blood
    B. mesohyl
    C. water
    D. saline

    Answer

    C

    Which of the following is not a member of the phylum Chordata?

    A. Cephalochordata
    B. Echinodermata
    C. Urochordata
    D. Vertebrata

    Answer

    B

    Free Response

    Sessile adult tunicates lose the notochord; what does this suggest about one function of this structure?

    Answer

    It suggests that the notochord is important for support during locomotion of an organism.

    During embryonic development, what features do we share with tunicates or lancelets?

    Answer

    During embryonic development, we also have a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve tube, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail.

    15.6: Vertebrates

    Review Questions

    Members of Chondrichthyes differ from members of Osteichthyes by having a ________.

    A. jaw
    B. bony skeleton
    C. cartilaginous skeleton
    D. two sets of paired fins

    Answer

    C

    Squamata includes _____.

    A. crocodiles and alligators
    B. turtles
    C. tuataras
    D. lizards and snakes

    Answer

    D

    Sudoriferous glands produce ________.

    A. sweat
    B. lipids
    C. sebum
    D. milk

    Answer

    A

    Which of the following is a Monotreme?

    A. kangaroo
    B. koala
    C. bandicoot
    D. platypus

    Answer

    D

    Free Response

    What can be inferred about the evolution of the cranium and the vertebral column from examining hagfishes and lampreys?

    Answer

    Comparison of hagfishes with lampreys shows that the cranium evolved first in early vertebrates, as it is seen in hagfishes, which evolved earlier than lampreys. This was followed by evolution of the vertebral column, a primitive form of which is seen in lampreys and not in hagfishes.

    Explain why frogs are restricted to a moist environment.

    Answer

    A moist environment is required as frog eggs lack a shell and dehydrate quickly in dry environments.

    Describe three adaptations that allow for flight in birds.

    Answer

    Birds have feathers that streamline the bird body and assist in flight. They also have pneumatic bones that are hollow rather than tissue-filled. Birds are endothermic, which allows for a higher metabolism demanded by flight.


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