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13.10: Bibliography

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    71122
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    Andersson, J., M. de Garine-Wichatitsky, D. Cumming, et al. 2013. Transfrontier Conservation Areas: People Living on the Edge (New York: Routledge).

    ARCOS (Albertine Rift Conservation Society) 2004. A framework for conservation in the Albertine Rift: 2004–30 (Kampala: ARCOS).

    Ayebare, S., A.J. Plumptre, D. Kujirakwinja, and D. Segan. 2018. Conservation of the endemic species of the Albertine Rift under future climate change. Biological Conservation 220: 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.02.001

    Baker, D.J., A.J. Hartley, N.D. Burgess, et al. 2015. Assessing climate change impacts for vertebrate fauna across the West African protected area network using regionally appropriate climate projections. Diversity and Distributions 21: 991–1003. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12337

    Baker, J., E.J. Milner-Gulland, and N. Leader-Williams. 2012. Park gazettement and integrated conservation and development as factors in community conflict at Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda. Conservation Biology 26: 160–70. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01777.x

    Balme, G.A., R.O.B. Slotow, and L.T.B. Hunter. 2010. Edge effects and the impact of nonprotected areas in carnivore conservation: Leopards in the Phinda–Mkhuze Complex, South Africa. Animal Conservation 13: 315–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00342.x

    Beale, C.M., S. van Rensberg, W.J. Bond, et al. 2013b. Ten lessons for the conservation of African savannah ecosystems. Biological Conservation 167: 224–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.08.025

    Beale, C.M., N.E. Baker, M.J. Brewer, et al. 2013a. Protected area networks and savannah bird biodiversity in the face of climate change and land degradation. Ecology Letters 16: 1061–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12139

    Beresford, A.E., G.M. Buchanan, P.F. Donald, et al. 2011. Poor overlap between the distribution of protected areas and globally threatened birds in Africa. Animal Conservation 14: 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00398.x

    Blake, S., S.L. Deem, S. Strindberg, et al. 2008 Roadless wilderness area determines forest elephant movements in the Congo Basin. PloS ONE 3: e3546. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003546

    Blom, A., R. van Zalinge, E. Mbea, et al. 2004. Human impact on wildlife populations within a protected Central African forest. African Journal of Ecology 42: 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0141-6707.2004.00441.x

    Blomley, T., F. Nelson, H. Doulton, et al. 2019. Scaling up community forest enterprises in Tanzania. IIED Briefing, April 2019. https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/17701IIED.pdf

    Brashares, J.S., P. Arcese, and M.K. Sam. 2001. Human demography and reserve size predict wildlife extinction in West Africa. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 268: 2473–78. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2001.1815

    Brashares, J.S., P. Arcese, M.K. Sam, et al. 2004. Bushmeat hunting, wildlife declines, and fish supply in West Africa. Science 306: 1180–83. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1102425

    Brooks, T.M., S.J. Wright, and D. Sheil. 2009. Evaluating the success of conservation actions in safeguarding tropical forest biodiversity. Conservation Biology 23: 1448–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01334.x

    Brugiere, D., and R. Kormos. 2009. Review of the protected area network in Guinea, West Africa, and recommendations for new sites for biodiversity conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation 18: 847–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9508-z

    Buckland, S.T., and A. Johnston. 2017. Monitoring the biodiversity of regions: Key principles and possible pitfalls. Biological Conservation 214: 23–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.07.034

    Buckley, R.C., C. Morrison, and J.G. Castley. 2016. Net effects of ecotourism on threatened species survival. PloS ONE 11: e0147988. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147988

    Carroll, R. 1992. Central African Republic. In: The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests Africa, ed. by J.A. Sayer, et al. (London: Palgrave Macmillan). https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-063.pdf

    Carwardine, J., K.A. Wilson, M. Watts, et al. 2008. Avoiding costly conservation mistakes: The importance of defining actions and costs in spatial priority setting. PLoS ONE 3: e2586. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002586

    Chadwick. P., J. Duncan, and K. Tunley. 2014. State of management of South Africa’s marine protected areas (Cape Town: WWF South Africa). http://awsassets.wwf.org.za/downloads/final_wwf_marine_report_02_dec_2014_web_1.pdf

    Chennels, R. 1999. What have we achieved? (Cape Town: South African San Institute).

    Clements, H., J. Baum, and G.S. Cumming. 2016. Money and motives: An organizational ecology perspective on private land conservation. Biological Conservation 197: 108–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.03.002

    Coetzee, B.W.T., M.P. Robertson, B.F.N. Erasmus, et al. 2009. Ensemble models predict Important Bird Areas in southern Africa will become less effective for conserving endemic birds under climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography 18: 701–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00485.x

    Coetzer, K.L., E.T.F. Witkowski, and B.F.N. Erasmus. 2014. Reviewing Biosphere Reserves globally: Effective conservation action or bureaucratic label? Biological Reviews 89: 82–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12044

    Cousins, J., J. Sadler, and J. Evans. 2010. The challenge of regulating private wildlife ranches for conservation in South Africa. Ecology and Society 15: 28. https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss2/art28

    Cozzi, G., F. Broekhuis, J.W. McNutt, et al. 2013. Comparison of the effects of artificial and natural barriers on large African carnivores: Implications for interspecific relationships and connectivity. Journal of Animal Ecology 82: 707–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12039

    Craigie, I.D., J.E.M. Baillie, A. Balmford, et al. 2010. Large mammal population declines in Africa’s protected areas. Biological Conservation 143: 2221–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.06.007

    Cross, H. 2016. Displacement, disempowerment and corruption: Challenges at the interface of fisheries, management and conservation in the Bijagós Archipelago, Guinea-Bissau. Oryx 50: 693–701. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003060531500040X

    da Silva, I.M., N. Hill, H. Shimadzu, et al. 2015. Spillover effects of a community-managed marine reserve. PloS ONE 10: e0111774. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111774

    Dallimer, M., and N. Strange. 2015. Why socio-political borders and boundaries matter in conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 30: 132–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2014.12.004

    Darwall, W., K. Smith, T. Lowe, et al. 2005. The status and distribution of freshwater biodiversity in Eastern Africa (Gland: IUCN). https://www.iucn.org/downloads/the_status_and_distribution_of_freshwater_biodiversity_in_eastern_africa.pdf

    de Vos, A., H.S. Clements, D. Biggs, et al. 2019. The dynamics of proclaimed privately protected areas in South Africa over 83 years. Conservation Letters 12: e12644. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12644

    Dudley, N. 2008. Guidelines for applying protected area management categories (Gland: IUCN). https://www.iucn.org/theme/protected-areas/about/protected-area-categories

    Dupain, J., A. Fowler, P. Kasalevo, et al. 2013. The process of creation of a new protected area in the Democratic Republic of Congo: The case of the Iyondji Community Bonobo Reserve (DRC). Pan Africa News 20: 10–13.

    Durán, A.P., J. Rauch, and K.J. Gaston. 2013. Global spatial coincidence between protected areas and metal mining activities. Biological Conservation 160: 272–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.02.003

    Edwards, D.P., S. Sloan, L. Weng, et al. 2014. Mining and the African environment. Conservation Letters 7: 302–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12076

    Endamana, D., A.K. Boedhihartono, B. Bokoto, et al. 2010. A framework for assessing conservation and development in a Congo Basin Forest Landscape. Tropical Conservation Science 3: 262–81. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F194008291000300303

    Ervin, J. 2003. Rapid assessment of protected area management effectiveness in four countries. BioScience 53: 833–41. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0833:RAOPAM]2.0.CO;2

    Ferraro, P.J., and M.M. Hanauer. 2014. Quantifying causal mechanisms to determine how protected areas affect poverty through changes in ecosystem services and infrastructure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111: 4332–37. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1307712111

    Feyisa, G.L., K. Dons, and H. Meilby. 2014. Efficiency of parks in mitigating urban heat island effect: An example from Addis Ababa. Landscape and Urban Planning 123: 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.12.008

    Fishpool, L.D.C., and M.I. Evans. 2001. Important Bird Areas in Africa and Associated Islands (Cambridge: BirdLife International).

    Foxcroft, L.C., D. Spear, N.J. van Wilgen, et al. 2019. Assessing the association between pathways of alien plant invaders and their impacts in protected areas. NeoBiota 43: 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.43.29644

    Fuller, R.A., E. McDonald-Madden, K.A. Wilson, et al. 2010. Replacing underperforming protected areas achieves better conservation outcomes. Nature 466: 365–67. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09180

    Gaertner, M., B.M.H. Larson, U.M. Irlich, et al. 2016. Managing invasive species in cities: A framework from Cape Town, South Africa. Landscape and Urban Planning 151: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.03.010

    Gallo, J.A., L. Pasquini, B. Reyers, et al. 2009. The role of private conservation areas in biodiversity representation and target achievement within the Little Karoo region, South Africa. Biological Conservation 142: 446–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.10.025

    Geffroy, B., D.S.M. Samia, E. Bessa, et al. 2015. How nature-based tourism might increase prey vulnerability to predators. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 30: 755–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.09.010

    Gill, D.A., M.B. Mascia, G.N. Ahmadia, et al. 2017. Capacity shortfalls hinder the performance of marine protected areas globally. Nature 543: 665–69. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21708

    Gray, C.L., S.L. Hill, T. Newbold, et al. 2016. Local biodiversity is higher inside than outside terrestrial protected areas worldwide. Nature Communications 7: 12306. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12306

    Gremillet, D., C. Peron, P. Provost, et al. 2015. Adult and juvenile European seabirds at risk from marine plundering off West Africa. Biological Conservation 182: 143–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.12.001

    Habtemariam, B.T., and Q. Fang. 2016. Zoning for a multiple-use marine protected area using spatial multi-criteria analysis: The case of the Sheik Seid Marine National Park in Eritrea. Marine Policy 63: 135–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.10.011

    Hall, J.M., N.D. Burgess, S. Rantala, et al. 2014. Ecological and social outcomes of a new protected area in Tanzania. Conservation Biology 28: 1512–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12335

    Hanks, J. 2003. Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) in Southern Africa: Their role in conserving biodiversity, socioeconomic development and promoting a culture of peace. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 17: 127–48. https://doi.org/10.1300/J091v17n01_08

    Harcourt, A.H., S.A. Parks, and R. Woodroffe. 2001. Human density as an influence on species/area relationships: Double jeopardy for small African reserves? Biodiversity and Conservation 10: 1011–26. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016680327755

    Hauenstein, S., M. Kshatriya, J. Blanc, et al. 2019. African elephant poaching rates correlate with local poverty, national corruption and global ivory price. Nature Communications 10: 2242. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09993-2

    Henschel, P., L. Coad, C. Burton, et al. 2014. The lion in West Africa is critically endangered. PLoS ONE 9: e83500. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083500

    Hockings, M., S. Stolton, F. Leverington, et al. 2006. Evaluating Effectiveness: A Framework for Assessing Management Effectiveness of Protected Areas (Gland: IUCN). https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/PAG-014.pdf

    Hole, D.G., B. Huntley, J. Arinaitwe, et al. 2011. Toward a management framework for networks of protected areas in the face of climate change. Conservation Biology 25: 305–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01633.x

    Ibisch, P.L., M.T. Hoffmann, S. Kreft, et al. 2016. A global map of roadless areas and their conservation status. Science 354: 1423–27. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf7166

    Ihwagi, F.W., T. Wang, G. Wittemyer, et al. 2015. Using poaching levels and elephant distribution to assess the conservation efficacy of private, communal and government land in northern Kenya. PLoS ONE 10: e0139079. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139079

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    Jones, K.R., A.J. Plumptre, J.E.M. Watson, et al. 2016, Testing the effectiveness of surrogate species for conservation planning in the Greater Virunga Landscape, Africa. Landscape and Urban Planning 145: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.09.006

    Kahumbu, P., D. Martins, J. Schieltz, et al. 2016. Transforming the next generation through citizen science in Kenya: The kids twiga tally Swara April–June 2016: 52–56. https://dir.princeton.edu/pdf_dir/Kids%20Twiga%20Tally.pdf

    Kerwath, S.E., E.B. Thorstad, T.F. Næsje, et al. 2009. Crossing invisible boundaries: The effectiveness of the Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area as a harvest refuge for a migratory fish species in South Africa. Conservation Biology 23: 653–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01135.x

    Kiffner, C., C. Stoner, and T. Caro. 2013. Edge effects and large mammal distributions in a national park. Animal Conservation: 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00577.x

    Klein, C.J., C.J. Brown, B.S. Halpern, et al. 2015. Shortfalls in the global protected area network at representing marine biodiversity. Scientific Reports 5: 17539. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep17539

    Knight, A.T., A. Driver, R.M. Cowling, et al. 2006. Designing systematic conservation assessments that promote effective implementation: Best practice from South Africa. Conservation Biology 20: 739–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00452.x

    Laurance, W.F., D.C. Useche, J. Rendeiro, et al. 2012. Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas. Nature 489: 290–94. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11318

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    Lindsey, P.A., J.R.B. Miller, L.S. Petracca, et al. 2018. More than $1 billion needed annually to secure Africa’s protected areas with lions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: E10788-E10796. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1805048115

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