7.3: Terms

Chapter 7 flashcards

Androecium	One of the whorls of a flower and is all of the male reproductive parts; stamens.
Annual rings	Demarcation between small-celled later summer and large-celled spring secondary xylem.
Anther	Pollen-bearing component of the stamen.
Anticlinal division	Type of cell division in which the new cells have divided so that the wall of the cells is perpendicular to the outside of the stem.
Axillary bud	Bud borne in the axil of a stem.
Bark	All tissues exterior of the vascular cambium, including the primary and secondary phloem, phelloderm (if present), cork cambium, and cork.
Bisexual	A flower that has both the androecium and gynoecium; also called hermaphroditic or perfect flower.
Calyx	One of the whorls of a flower; located at the base of the receptacle, and contains all the sepals.
Carpel	Composed of three parts: stigma, style, and ovary.
Cell division	Process in mitosis where one plant cell divides into two identical cells.
Chasmogamy	When the anther matures after the flower opens and pollen is shed before the stigma becomes receptive; common in non self-pollinating crops.
Cleistogamy	When the anther matures, pollen is shed, and the stigma is receptive before the flower opens; common in self-pollinating crops.
Complete flower	Where all four whorls are present: calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.
Cork	Outer protective tissue of bark; also called phellem.
Cork cambium	Lateral meristem responsible for secondary growth that replaces the epidermis in roots and stems; also called phellogen.
Cork cells	Cells located in the cork; lined with suberin and dead at maturity.
Corolla	One of the whorls of a flower consisting of all the petals.
Cortex	Also known as the ground meristem; found just inside the epidermis, extends toward the interior of the stem and root, and is made up of three types of cells: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.
Derivative (cells)	Other sister cells that, after the initial meristematic initial cells are created, divide once or twice more and then differentiate.
Dermal	Outside of the plant; provides protection for the plant cells they surround.
Dioecious	When an entire plant has only male or only female flowers; means “two houses.”
Epigynous	When the perianth and androecium are positioned above the ovary; also called an inferior ovary.
Fascicular cambium	Cambium within the vascular bundle.
Filament	Stalk that holds up the anther so that pollen grains can be effectively released.
Gynoecium	One of the whorls of the flower and is all of the female reproductive parts; carpels.
Heartwood	Older, darker xylem in the stem that is clogged with resins that limit the transport of water.
Hermaphroditic	A flower that has both the andreocium and gynoecium; also called a perfect flower or bisexual.
Hypogynous	When the perianth and androecium are attached below the ovary; also called a superior ovary.
Imperfect flower	Flower that has only the androecium OR only the gynoecium present.
Incomplete flower	Flower missing one or more of the four whorls.
Inferior ovary	When the perianth and androecium is positioned above the ovary; also called an epigynous flower.
Initials (cells)	Meristem cells that remain meristematic because they continue to initiate new cells.
Interfascicular cambium	Cambium between the vascular bundles.
Lateral meristem	Specialized meristems made up of cells that undergo mitotic cell division.
Lenticels	Breaks in the cork cells that allow gas and water exchange.
Locule	Chamber in the ovary.
Monoecious	When an entire plant has both male and female parts (can be perfect or imperfect); means “one house.”
Ovary	Part of the carpel; contains ovules which develop into seeds.
Ovary wall	Provides protection to the ovules; also called the pericarp.
Ovule	Part of the ovary that contains an embryo sac; surrounded by the nucellus, which develops into a seed after fertilization.
Peduncle	Large, central stalk that attaches the rachi to the stem of the plant.
Perfect flower	A flower that has both the andreocium and gynoecium; also called hermaphroditic or bisexual.
Perianth	Both the calyx and corolla.
Periclinal division	Type of cell division where the new cells are formed either to the outside or inside and the cell wall that separates the two new cells is parallel to the outside of the stem.
Periderm	Consists of the cork cambium, phelloderm, and cork.
Perigynous	When the ovary is surrounded by the fused bases of the perianth and androecium.
Petals	Modified leaves that make-up the corolla; showy, and attract pollinators.
Phellem	Another name for cork.
Phelloderm	New cells that are laid down toward the inside of the stem or root by the cork cambium.
Phellogen	Another name for cork cambium.
Pistil	Term used when several carpels are fused together.
Pistillate flower	An imperfect flower that contains only the gynoecium.
Primary (cells)	Cells that originate from cell divisions of the apical meristem.
Primary growth	Growth that results from activity by an apical meristem; causes the elongation of the cells in the apical meristem region, which leads to increasing plant length.
Primary phloem	Phloem tissue that results from differentiation of derivative cells (procambium).
Primary xylem	Xylem tissue that results from differentiation of derivative cells (procambium).
Protandry	When the pollen is shed before the stigma is receptive.
Protogyny	When the stigma is receptive prior to the pollen shedding.
Receptacle	Base of the flower where the floral parts are attached.
Sapwood	Younger, lighter xylem in the stem that is resin-free and transports water up the trunk.
Secondary growth	Growth that results from activity by a lateral meristem; causes thickening of the stem or root rather than elongation.
Secondary phloem	New phloem formed on the outside and produced by the fascicular cambium.
Secondary xylem	New xylem formed on the inside and produced by the fascicular cambium.
Self-incompatibility	When there are genetic mechanisms that inhibit self-pollination of a flower.
Self-pollination	When the pollen from the plant pollinates the stigma of the same plant.
Sepals	Outermost whorl of the flower that protects the flower and photosynthesizes.
Stamen	Modified leaf; collectively makes up the androecium. A stamen is made-up of the anther and filament.
Staminate flower	An imperfect flower that contains only the androecium.
Stigma	Receptive apex of the carpel of a flower, on which pollen is deposited at pollination.
Style	Part of the carpel that elevates the stigma to a position for reception of pollen; conduit for pollen tube growth.
Suberin	Waxy substance present in the cell walls of corky tissues; impermeable to water and gases.
Superior ovary	When the perianth and androecium are attached below the ovary; also called a hypogynous flower.
Tepal	When the sepals and petals are showy and indistinguishable.
Vascular cambium	Lateral meristem producing vascular tissues.
Vascular tissue	System containing vessels that carry or circulate fluids and dissolved minerals in the plant; composed of xylem, phloem, and bundle sheath cells.
Whorl	Node on the receptacle where the four types of modified leaves are attached (four whorls of a flower).